自愿管理、小企业重组还是清算：如何选择

资不抵债的公司有三种正式方案。在小企业重组中，董事保留控制权，并向债权人提出还款计划，但公司负债总额须在100万澳元以内。在自愿管理中，管理人全面接管公司，债权人在约一个月内决定结果。在清算中，公司停止营业，资产被出售，公司最终注销。选择哪一种，通常取决于业务是否仍具可行性，以及还剩多少时间。

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三种方案一览

	小企业重组	自愿管理	清算
由谁控制公司	董事。重组执行人作为公司的代理人，不参与日常经营	管理人全面接管	清算人接管，董事的权力终止
适用对象	负债总额不超过100万澳元，且公司及其董事在过去七年内未使用过重组或简易清算的公司	董事决议认定公司已经或可能将要资不抵债的任何公司	任何资不抵债的公司，也可由法院下令
时长	20个营业日内提出计划，可延长一次，最多10个营业日；随后债权人有15个营业日表决	第一次债权人会议在8个营业日内召开；第二次在25个营业日内（圣诞节或复活节前后为30个营业日）	持续至资产变现并分配完毕。公司在清算人提交最终报告三个月后注销
业务能否继续经营	可以，这正是该方案的目的	通常可以，管理人会在此期间评估业务	很少，通常只为将业务作为持续经营企业出售
如何结束	债权人通过计划并依其受偿，或否决计划，重组随之终止	债权人表决：将公司交还董事、通过公司安排契约（DOCA），或将公司清盘	公司清盘并注销

小企业重组

重组制度是为规模较小的公司设计的。董事继续经营业务，由重组执行人协助向债权人提出计划，通常是在约定期限内支付约定金额。债权人有15个营业日递交表决书；参与表决的受影响债权人中，只要按债权金额计算的多数支持，计划即告通过。
前提是公司符合条件。重组开始之日，负债总额须不超过100万澳元，已到期的员工权益须已支付，税务申报须保持最新。此外，公司及其董事在此前七年内均不得使用过重组程序。

自愿管理

自愿管理适合规模较大或结构较复杂的公司，也适合需要迅速将控制权移交给独立第三方的情形。管理人全面接管并展开调查，债权人在第二次会议上决定结果：将公司交还董事、通过公司安排契约，或将其清盘。
若债权人通过契约，公司须在该次会议后15个营业日内签署，否则将自动进入清算。

清算

当业务已不再具备可行性时，清算就是正确的答案。清算人变现资产、调查事情经过、向ASIC报告，并按法律规定的顺序向债权人付款：先是清算费用，其次是员工工资和养老金，再次是休假权益，然后是裁员补偿金，最后才是无担保债权人。每一顺位须全额受偿后，下一顺位才能获得分配。
清算可以是自愿的，即由股东决议将公司清盘；也可以由法院应债权人申请下令。董事、股东和ASIC同样可以提出申请。

董事通常如何选择

业务可行，但债务不可持续。符合条件的选择重组，否则选择自愿管理。
负债超过100万澳元，或结构复杂。自愿管理。
债权人已经上门。法定付款要求书或清盘申请会压缩时间表。清盘申请提出后仍可启动自愿管理，但必须在同一周内取得专业意见。
业务已经停止，或已无可挽救之处。清算。

无论选择哪条路径，都须同时审视董事因个人担保和董事罚款通知而产生的个人风险。公司清盘后，这些风险并不会随之消失。

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